ICAO, conventions & documents

A. Tokyo Convention, 1963

The Tokyo Convention (1963) covers offences and certain other acts committed on board aircraft. It is the one that gives the commander authority to restrain an offender and to disembark him.

A. Carriage of passengers or cargo for remuneration between two points within the same State

Cabotage is domestic air service. Under Article 7 of the Chicago Convention each State may refuse foreign aircraft permission to carry traffic for hire between two points inside its own territory. Overflight and technical stops are the first and second freedoms.

A. 1944

Signed at Chicago on 7 December 1944. It created ICAO and still forms the legal base of international civil aviation.

A. Annex 18

Annex 18 is The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air. Annex 17 is Security and Annex 16 is Environmental Protection.

A. Montreal, Canada

ICAO sits in Montreal. Chicago is where the Convention was signed in 1944, and Paris is where the 1919 convention that came before it was signed - two classic distractors.

B. Montreal Convention (1971)

Montreal 1971 covers acts of violence on board, destroying or damaging an aircraft, damaging navigation facilities and giving false information. Tokyo covers offences on board; Warsaw covers carriage by air.

C. Warsaw Convention

The Warsaw Convention of 1929 - the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air. It sets the air carrier's liability to passengers and shippers.

A. Personnel Licensing

Annex 1 is Personnel Licensing. Rules of the Air is Annex 2 and Air Traffic Services is Annex 11.

B. PANS-ATM

Doc 4444 is the Procedures for Air Navigation Services - Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM). PANS-OPS is Doc 8168, and Annex 11 is a separate document containing the ATS Standards.

B. Hague Convention, 1970

The Hague Convention of 1970 defines unlawful seizure of aircraft in flight and requires States to extradite or prosecute hijackers. Tokyo deals with offences on board generally; Warsaw with carrier liability.

A. Land in another State for non-traffic purposes, without loading or unloading passengers or cargo

A technical stop - for fuel or maintenance, for example - with no passengers or cargo put down or picked up. Carrying passengers from your own State to another is the third freedom.

A. Airworthiness of Aircraft

Annex 8 is Airworthiness of Aircraft. Personnel Licensing is Annex 1, and Nationality and Registration Marks is Annex 7.

A. Annex 11

Annex 11 is Air Traffic Services. Annex 14 is Aerodromes and Annex 17 is Security.

C. Annex 6

Annex 6, Operation of Aircraft, in three parts - Part I covers international commercial air transport with aeroplanes. Annex 10 is telecommunications and Annex 11 is air traffic services.

A. PANS-OPS (Aircraft Operations)

Doc 8168 is PANS-OPS - Procedures for Air Navigation Services, Aircraft Operations. Volume I is flight procedures for pilots; Volume II is the construction of procedures for designers.

A. Regional Supplementary Procedures

Doc 7030 holds the Regional Supplementary Procedures (SUPPs) - procedures that apply in a particular ICAO region on top of the worldwide PANS. Annex 2 refers you to it, for example, for regional contingency procedures.

A. With written permission from the DGCA or an officer authorised under the rule

Rule 13 says no person shall take, or cause to be taken, a photograph at a Government aerodrome or from an aircraft in flight except under a written permission granted by the Director-General or one of the officers named in the rule.

A. Fly across the territory of another State without landing

First freedom: overfly another State without landing. Second: land there for non-traffic purposes, such as refuelling. Together they are the two technical freedoms.

A. Notify ICAO of the difference

A State that finds it impracticable to comply with a Standard must notify ICAO immediately of the difference. ICAO then informs the other States, and the difference is also published in the State's AIP.

B. Personnel licences

The correct answer is: Personnel licences.

A. VT

Indian civil aircraft carry the nationality mark VT, followed by the three-letter registration mark - VT-ABC, for example.

A. TTT

Registration marks may not use combinations that could be mistaken for distress, urgency or safety signals - SOS, XXX, PAN or TTT - or for Q-code groups.

A. Flight crew standards, training and licensing

Section 7 is Flight Crew Standards, Training and Licensing - where the medical, FDTL and RTR requirements sit. Airworthiness is Section 2.

A. Rules of the Air

Annex 2 is the Rules of the Air - one of the few Annexes that contains Standards only, with no Recommended Practices. Personnel Licensing is Annex 1 and Air Traffic Services is Annex 11.

A. Paris Convention, 1919

The Paris Convention of 1919 regulated aerial navigation and set up ICAN. Chicago 1944 replaced it and ICAO took over from ICAN. Warsaw deals with carriers' liability, and Tokyo came 19 years after Chicago.

B. Air Navigation Commission

It is the Air Navigation Commission (ANC). The Council is ICAO's governing body, and the word "committee" belongs to other bodies such as the Air Transport Committee and the Legal Committee.

B. ICAO

ICAO assigns the common mark to the common mark registering authority, choosing from the radio call-sign symbols the ITU has allotted to ICAO. The individual registration mark is then given by that registering authority.

C. The State being overflown

The rules of the air follow the aircraft wherever it goes, but only so far as they do not conflict with the rules of the State that has jurisdiction over the territory overflown. Over someone else's country, their rules apply.

A. Standards and Recommended Practices

SARPs are the Standards and Recommended Practices adopted by the ICAO Council and published as the Annexes to the Chicago Convention. A State that cannot comply with a Standard must notify ICAO of the difference.

A. Prohibit or regulate the use of photographic apparatus in aircraft over its territory

Article 36 lets each State prohibit or regulate the use of cameras in aircraft over its territory. In India the matching rule is in the Aircraft Rules - photography from an aircraft in flight needs written permission.

A. The Annexes to the Chicago Convention

SARPs are the 19 Annexes. The PANS (such as Doc 4444 and Doc 8168) and the Regional Supplementary Procedures (Doc 7030) sit below them in the ICAO publication hierarchy.

A. Pick up traffic in a second State and carry it to a third State, on a service that begins or ends in your own State

Fifth freedom: pick up in State B and deliver to State C on a service linked to your home State A. Carrying traffic between two points inside another State is cabotage.

A. Complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory

Complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory - the founding principle of air law. Territory means the land areas and the adjacent territorial waters.

A. Acts of violence at airports serving international civil aviation

The 1988 Protocol brought violence at international airports and the destruction of airport facilities under the 1971 Montreal regime. Marking of plastic explosives is the separate Montreal Convention of 1991.

C. 7

Seven regional offices serve nine air navigation regions. The Asia and Pacific office, which covers India, is in Bangkok.

B. Annex 7

Annex 7 is Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks. Annex 14 is Aerodromes and Annex 1 is Personnel Licensing.

A. Four-letter location indicators

Doc 7910 is Location Indicators - the four-letter codes such as VIDP and VABB. Aircraft type designators are in Doc 8643, and regional procedures are in Doc 7030.

B. Aircraft not engaged in scheduled international air services

Article 5 gives non-scheduled flights the first two freedoms without prior permission, although the State overflown may require them to land. A scheduled international service needs that State's permission.

A. The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS)

The BCAS, headed by a Director General appointed by the Central Government, is responsible for regulating and overseeing civil aviation security in India.

B. The Airports Authority of India (AAI)

The AAI provides the aeronautical information service and publishes the AIP. Aeronautical Information Circulars (AICs) come from the DGCA - a favourite trap.

A. Rome Convention

The Rome Convention (1952) covers damage caused by foreign aircraft to third parties on the surface. Warsaw deals with the carrier's liability to its own passengers and cargo, and Paris 1919 was the first air navigation convention.

A. Standards and Recommended Practices for Contracting States

ICAO writes Standards and Recommended Practices in the Annexes for its Contracting States. They are not applied without exception - a State that cannot comply must notify its differences under Article 38.

A. Security - safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference

Annex 17 is Security. Aerodromes is Annex 14 and Facilitation Annex 9. Dangerous goods is Annex 18.